Roughly a few branches:
1. Population, race, settlement
2. Society, religion
3. Culture, language
4. Economy, tourism
1. Geology, topography, geomorphology, rock formations, minerals
First look at the terrain, geomorphology (terrain refers to the local, landform refers to the whole):
The main monsoon climate in mainland China is not the credit of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, but the result of the joint action of latitude, the three-level ladder topography of the Pacific Ocean and China (especially the second ladder, which is the third ladder).The basic characteristics of monsoon climate are warm and humid in summer, cold and dry in winter, similar to the habits of plants, suitable for the development of agriculture. Of course, there are too many factors affecting agriculture, in addition to climate-affected precipitation (including natural precipitation and large rivers), temperature, as well as topography, soil and so on.
Several major terrain on the earth, China has distribution.plains, highlands, mountains, hills, basins.
Don't underestimate the terrain, which shapes different environments and, in turn, the environment that suits the growth of various crops. As long as there are crops on the earth, almost all of China can find suitable photothermal conditions for cultivation. This is not comparable to the smaller countries of Europe and the United States, which has only a central arid plain.
What is the significance of growing a variety of crops?
For example, the average size of a watermelon in Japan is more than 50 RMB.
Why? Because they all import from China! That's all the vegetables you eat. and mostly imported by China. How like China, eat different vegetables every day a week can not be heavy ah! Strong, my food country.
The potential for hydro-electric power is nurtured by the large ups and downs of the terrain, which alone does not know how much carbon dioxide can be cut each year. China is the country with the largest share of total energy consumption in the world. For the sustainable development of a country, the use of renewable energy is of great significance. The potential of water (east-west drop), biomass fuel (monsoon climate), wind (sea wind and inland valley wind), solar light (northwest drought and less rain) can be said to be closely related to China's geographical environment.
Different terrain shapes different geographical environment, in addition to suitable for a variety of crops cultivation, but also for China to bring rich biodiversity. I think you should know that biodiversity is an important strategic resource for a country (detailed later). China is not only a vast area, but also numerous terrain, so complex and diverse geographical conditions, naturally also gave birth to rich species diversity.
Here's a map of biodiversity. Of course, tropical biodiversity is the most abundant.
As can be seen from the image above, China, from the most diverse areas to the most barren areas, should be complete. Given latitude, perhaps only brazil can overtake china.
It was time to mention a sad thing.
The rate of extinction of biodiversity, China is also in the forefront of the world. We hope to protect the environment, save resources, do not buy and sell wildlife products, or want game. (But if you don't mean anything, you can see it in Europe and America, even Japan and India. Extinction is almost an inevitable product of economic development.
On the landscape, it's not exactly the picture above. The scientific research value of geomorphology is ignored for the time being.Guilin landscape, Danxia landform, Zhangjiajie, Kunlun Mountains, Mongolian steppe.
China is so big, you should really go and see it.
(Here's an interesting or humiliating history. You' ve heard of karst landforms. Yes, they are soluble rocks, such as karst caves where limestone is eroded by ground water that dissolves carbon dioxide, or quirky forest on the ground. In fact, the most typical of this landscape in the world is in China, southern Hunan, Yungui Plateau, the most complete species, the most extensive area. Unfortunately, the modern Chinese war, science and technology waste, geography in the early days, the European and American geographers in the former Yugoslavia in the Karst this place first found this landscape, and use local names to name the landscape. In fact, as early as Xu Xiake travel notes, there have been records of this landscape. Due to the backwardness of scientific development, karst landforms were finally named karst landforms by the International Geographic Conference.
Next up are geology, rock formations, and, apart from the value of research on earth's history ,171 geoparks in China are waiting for you to explore.will be introduced one by one in subsequent articles.
To minerals, to strategic resources related to national security.
1.First look at fossil energy
Simply put, China has all, but only more coal, less oil and less natural gas.
And people can not live without energy, economic development can not do without energy, national security can not do without energy. More coal, but more impurity bad coal, the past decades of rapid economic growth period, burning most of these cheap scattered coal, directly caused today's haze. So we need to transform into oil and gas-based energy structures. Natural gas can be bought from Russia and Central Asia, but what about oil? Oil transportation needs to go through the Strait of Malacca and through the South China Sea. The South China Sea is not only the lifeline of oil import, but also the fourth largest oil producing area in the world.
Why the South China Sea more than a lot of natural ingenuity, we must also understand it.
Speaking of energy suddenly think of the most paper, at home do you know which strong wind power in the world?
The title of the paper is China now accounts for more than a quarter of the world's installed capacity and is growing at an alarming rate.
The cost of wind power on a scale is lower than that of fossil energy. and completely free of carbon emissions. The single largest generator unit is also in China, one can be used in a residential area for one year. don't go dark and the government does nothing about the mist.
She did, but you don't know. By the way, this is a great feat that can be accomplished by a centralized state, and of course this system is seen by some as the embodiment of evil!
Did you get off the point? No, because wind is a manifestation of climate. China is backed by the largest continent, facing the largest ocean, and the terrain is changeable. Whether it's land wind between land and sea or valley wind, will the wind be less?
Look at China's wind energy reserves.
Great northwest development is expected!
In addition the coastline wind power is also very rich, may map the reason, did not show. The price of wind power was mentioned.
Make up a picture.
Under certain conditions (such as scale construction, wind conditions are good), wind power costs are lower than traditional energy.
Next mineral, rare metal! more precious strategic resources than minerals! !
China's metal and mineral resources have a complete variety, rich reserves and wide distribution. There are 54 proven reserves of minerals.
Titanium, known as the 21st-century cosmic metal, is known as tungsten, the most important antimony in electronics production, and the most important rare earth in China.
The sheer abundance of precious metals in the world means that even when war strikes and the borders are completely blocked by the enemy, Chinese production can proceed in an orderly manner. By contrast, other countries and organizations, just as OPEC can control oil prices and take Russia's entire gasp, the largest exporter of a resource can easily control the volume of transactions in the international market and then affect prices. If China, one of the largest phosphate exporters, restricts the export of this important component of crop fertilizer, it can directly affect the world food market, cause a food crisis and affect world security. If the economy were to sanction the u.s. and ban exports of precious metals, it would have to buy other countries' resources at high prices, or even not, and almost all industrial production would be at risk of stagnation.
From a dialectical point of view, everything has a good side and a bad side. China's complex and changeable terrain, naturally also has its adverse side. It is easy to think that the mountains and plateau in the west are the direct cause of poverty among the people in the west. The mountain road is rugged and the traffic is inconvenient. The plains are scarce and difficult to farm. As a result, agriculture, industry can not develop, can only hope for tourism. However, not every mountain area is visited by people. Of course, the lack of oil and gas is also a major disadvantage that can not be ignored.
Some people mentioned earlier that China's desert is a major disadvantage, in fact, open to question. The upper reaches of the Yellow River in northwest China, even in the large part of Inner Mongolia, are historically rich in water and grass. But the population pressure exceeds the carrying capacity of ecological environment, and too little precipitation and unique soil quality make the local ecosystem too fragile. When the vegetation is cut, gnawed, and the wasteland becomes desert, it is almost impossible to recover. It is not so much a geographical disadvantage as an ancient people who do not understand environmental protection and bury their own advantages.
2.Meteorology, climate, hydrology
China goes south to Zengmu dark sand near the equator, north to Mohe River, east to the largest ocean Pacific Ocean, west to the largest Eurasian continent. A collection of typical climate characteristics in one, thus creating its rich variety of climate types.But like the Mediterranean climate peculiar to the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, China is unlikely.
Weather refers to the change of weather in a short period of time, and climate refers to the repeated weather characteristics of a region. Climate has a huge impact on the environment, including temperature, precipitation, wind, light and so on.
Located in the middle latitude, China's main coastal areas can be favored by Japan's warm current, enjoy the spring and summer full of wet hot water steam southeast monsoon, for several major plains bring abundant precipitation. The Yangtze River and the Yellow River, formed by the gathering of precipitation, have also become witnesses to our long history, giving birth to us to this day. It can be said that in addition to the sea up the southeast monsoon, the rest are considered inferior.
The cold, dry north-west monsoon that comes from Siberia in the winter has frozen us out of the door. It also reduces the growth cycle of plants for nearly half a year. Tropical crops can be three a year, only two or one to the mainland. In addition, the high mountain climate, represented by the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is all year round lifeless, only strong coniferous forest and moss can barely survive. Although these constitute biodiversity with local characteristics, they are ultimately not conducive to human survival.
(Imagine that if the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau does not exist, there is only a large mountain range near Xinjiang, China can enjoy the monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean at the same time, the whole country will become extremely fertile.)
In hydrology, the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, with the third and fifth lengths in the world, are of extraordinary significance to China. Mother rivers not only provide valuable irrigation resources for agricultural society, but also an important hub for transportation. Until the Ming Dynasty, the world's most powerful shipbuilding technology, have to be said to be the result of the birth of large and small rivers in China.
The seventh-long Lancang River and the ninth-long Heilongjiang River, although the main watershed and sea outlet are not in China, but also have great significance in traffic.
The mention of rivers has to mention floods. Since ancient times, the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin flooding, it ravaged the mainland until 98 years. Every flood caused heavy casualties and property damage, which seems to be a major disadvantage today. But in ancient times, every flood made the land fertile and revived agriculture. It is a blessing or a curse, but also dialectical to see.
Then by the way, fresh water resources, we all know that water is the source of life, people need to drink water to live, industrial production needs water, agricultural production also needs water. Many people have a big misunderstanding of water resources, think that rain has been falling, especially in the south, how can water shortage. 70 percent of the earth is water, how can water shortage.In fact, whether people drink or industry, agricultural production, people can be directly used only fresh water. And the proportion of light water to the total amount of water resources, less.
Fresh water mainly comes from rivers, lakes, moorings, groundwater and glacial meltwater. Although China is one of the countries with the most rivers, because of its large population, the pressure on water for living and production is enormous. freshwater resources as well as serious deficiencies.
In terms of water reserves, China is far below the world average.
In fact, the exploitation of groundwater in many parts of China is too serious, which not only causes serious disasters such as ground collapse, but also acts like killing chickens and taking eggs. If the groundwater is gone, what are we drinking?
Lower groundwater levels can cause more serious problems, such as flooding, salinization and so on.Please turn off the tap. The accumulated power is enormous.
3.Soil
When it comes to agriculture, we can not forget the soil where crops grow. There are many factors affecting soil formation, such as parent rock composition, weathering accumulation, animal and plant corruption, oxidation erosion and so on.
a variety of geographical conditions, so that China has a variety of soil types.
In ancient China, there has always been a system of "state sacrifice ". The place that worships land god is called "society ", the place that worships grain thing god is called" Ji ". The state altar, which is made of five colors, contains ancient people's worship of land. Five colors of soil, including the territory of the whole of China, by tribute from all over the country, to show that "under heaven, is not the king's land ."
In Beijing Zhongshan Park, the state altar built in Ming Dynasty is preserved. The top layer is 15.8 meters square, paving the soil of five colors: the east is blue, the south is red, the west is white, the north is black, and the center is yellow.
Except for a few suitable soil types in Northeast Plain and North China Plain, most of the soil is either lack of organic matter, serious soil erosion or salinization. That's a big disadvantage for China.
More recently, soil pollution caused by indiscriminate discharge has become a major problem for public health.
4. Glacier, permafrost
Northern China has not completely entered the cold zone, so the frozen soil performance is not very obvious. The glaciers of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are different. As the water source of several rivers, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau directly affects the water supply of several major rivers in China. Recently, due to climate warming, the melting of glaciers in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is serious, which directly threatens the supply of several major rivers.
5. Biology, phenology
The richness of biodiversity is described in the first part as well. The meaning of biodiversity is not just to give us pandas and crested ibis. When it comes to the value of biology, we have to mention the content of bioethics. The traditional bioethics holds that biology has the value (economic value, medicinal value, etc.) that can be used directly by human beings, the ornamental value (the enjoyment of providing beauty for human beings) and the inherent value (the value of its own existence, mostly based on religious teachings).
In recent years, it has been realized that the genetic diversity of organisms has unlimited possibilities. It is possible to play a significant role in the future, even now, because of the limited level of science and technology that can not be used by people. For example, some time ago, the treatment of Tamiflu special medicine, is actually extracted from the octagonal. which is called potential utilization value.
Biodiversity sustains ecosystem diversity, and the extinction of a species can cause the entire ecosystem to collapse, and ultimately the human being. Are the lessons of desertification not enough?
Ancient Chinese rhinoceros and elephants have been hunted and destroyed, and have lost a lot of biological resources. If the hunt continues, abundant biological resources will change from advantages to disadvantages.
With regard to phenology, because of China's vast territory, animal migration is more common, coupled with the rich climate gestation of a variety of environmental conditions, it provides a wealth of materials for the study of phenology.
6. Volcanoes, earthquakes
As for geological hazards, it has to be said.
China's Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate, although it has achieved the world's highest peak, but also brought earthquake geological disasters to China. The main distribution area of the earthquake is in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Hengduan Mountains, and the northeast and North China also occur occasionally. The island of taiwan, like japan, doesn't have to look anymore. It's a disaster. Although the volcanic mainland is small, Taiwan is dense.
Earthquakes and other major geological hazards can destroy decades of construction in a minute. Is that a disadvantage?
Fortunately, however, southern china is not a big threat. This is what the ancients called feng shui.
Natural geography first summed up here, in a word, is vast.
1,Population, ethnicity, settlement
The vast Chinese mainland area and good environment gave birth to the world's largest population. However, for China, the large population has played a vital role in the rapid economic development of China in recent decades.
In an agricultural society dominated by agriculture, the number of people means that the productive forces are strong (which is also an important reason for China's national strength in the world in the agricultural era). After the industrial revolution, industry developed rapidly, in the age of low mechanization, manpower is still irreplaceable.
At the beginning of the reform and opening up, a large number of domestic production plants were built, because of the large population, resulting in low labor costs, attracting a large number of overseas investment. And everyone knows. China's infrastructure and industrial structure has begun to form Made in China across the globe.
The huge population, in the early stage of economic construction, provided great productivity for China. Later, after the early construction of reform and opening up, we gradually became rich.The world's factories turned into world markets.
China's population is so large that every person's salary increases by 10 yuan, adding tens of billions of potential markets to the country. So it's not surprising that the world's big companies have broken their heads and wanted to split a piece of cake. potential huge market, for tens of thousands of enterprises in China to provide a stage for development. provide strong backing for China's sustained economic growth.
The huge population, in the future economic construction, has provided the huge market for China.
(Strangely enough, though, India and Brazil, which also have large populations, have not been able to replicate China's path to recovery entirely? )
2. Society, religion
Although there are obstacles between China and India in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the efforts of Master Xuanzang and other pioneers have enabled Buddhism to take root in China. Buddhism is different from the radical eradication of heathen in some Western sects, in ancient China, Taoism, Buddhism, Islam and even Christianity peaceful coexistence, but also a feature.
3,Culture, words
After five thousand years of history, China has never completely lost its country. Why on earth is this?
Let's first look at China's geographical position in the world.
In the south-east, the Philippines and even Japan in the east, with a small population, have no capacity to destroy Chinese civilization. And the northern part of China is a flat plateau, such geographical location determines the history of China for thousands of years —— the Central Plains and the northern nomadic struggle and integration.Some people insisted that the Yuan Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty did not belong to Chinese history, the reason is that the foreign people ruled, slaughtered and enslaved the Han people. This is simply too narrow. Who says that China is a Han country, people with such narrow ideas have not inherited the essence of Chinese culture ah. Whether in the prosperous Tang Dynasty or now, China is a big, unified country, without which nation is not complete.
As for some people said that the Yuan Dynasty belongs to Mongolia, if it was not for the late World War II Russia, bald and incompetent, Mongolia should still be a unified under China. Besides, there are many Mongolian compatriots in Inner Mongolia. When people don't exist? As to why the Central Plains was conquered by the North several times, still not destroyed, the result is a blend of fusion, form a body, there is a very interesting theory. Because throughout Greater China, the same language has been used.
There are many Chinese dialects, ten li different sounds, you can not understand what the southern compatriots say, but we write the same kind of text.Whether it is the Han nationality regime, or Liao, Jin, Yuan, Qing. Even though language is different, we end up using the same language.
Please refer to the following documentary, rising posture.Documentary Chinese characters five thousand years
Worship the Xianbei people of the Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen, for the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation laid the foundation. From this time on, all foreign people stationed in the Central Plains, without exception, chose to integrate into the fate of the Chinese nation. (The race for simplicity is also quite pointless, inclusive, eh)
4. Economy, tourism
China's land boundary is about 22800 kilometers long, the mainland coastline is 18400 kilometers long, another more than 14000 kilometers on the island shore, the total length of the coastline is more than 32000 kilometers.
China is also the most neighboring country in the world, with 14 road neighbors and 6 maritime neighbors.
Through the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road, ancient China exchanged silk, tea and porcelain from Europe for a large amount of gold, which laid a solid material foundation for the prosperity of China for five thousand years.
Later, the Ming and Qing dynasties closed the door, because of the obstacles of the western plateau mountains, China was forced to occupy a corner, lost the opportunity to absorb the fruits of the western industrial revolution, resulting in modern backwardness and suffering.
Today, whether it is to revive overseas trade through the new route of the AIIB, the Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road, or to break through the three island chains of the US blockade of China, the sea is of extraordinary significance to China today.
We all know that China from north to south, with Bohai Sea, Huang Hai, East China Sea, South China Sea four offshore. So what about China's ports in the 21st century?
China dominates seven of the world's top 10 seaports. what level this is. (Of course, it's about the economy and the volume of transactions.)
Yet the disadvantage remains obvious. China's sea gate, east of the three major island chain, south of the South China Sea surrounded by many island countries, occupied.
We sit on the world's rare vast resources, if not planned, properly utilized, no matter how big the advantage will turn to disadvantage.
Learn Chinese well, can further understand the great Chinese civilization, can let you benefit for life!
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This article comes from the network and is edited by Beihaimandarin.
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